Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More Calendar Translate Books Shopping Blogger Finance Photos Docs. Account Options Sign in. Try the new Google Books. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. Try it now. No thanks. Some of the graphs available in spreadsheet are bar graphs, line graphs, 3-D graphs, area graphs, etc. After installing MS Office, we can start MS Excel using any of the following two ways: � Start menu � Run command Using Start menu We can start MS Excel by performing the following steps using the Start menu: 1. Select the Microsoft Office Excel option to display the GUI of MS Excel, Fig. Each worksheet contains rows and columns where we can enter data.

Using Run command We can also start MS Excel by performing the following steps using the Run command: 1. The worksheets are also known as the spreadsheets. A workbook in MS Excel is a combination of several worksheets. Each workbook of MS Excel contains three worksheets by default. The key operations that are performed in MS Excel include: пїЅ Creating a worksheet пїЅ Saving a worksheet пїЅ Modifying a worksheet пїЅ Renaming a worksheet пїЅ Deleting a worksheet пїЅ Moving a worksheet пїЅ Editing a worksheet 1. PowerPoint provides a GUI with the help of which we can create attractive presentations quickly and easily. The presentation may include slides, handouts, notes, outlines, graphics and animations.

A slide in PowerPoint is a combination of images, text, graphics, charts, etc. The presentations in MS PowerPoint are usually saved with the extension. The interface of MS PowerPoint is similar to the other interfaces of MS Office applications. PowerPoint presentations are commonly used in business, schools, colleges, training programmes, etc. After installing MS Office, we can start MS PowerPoint using any of the following two ways: � Start menu � Run command Using Start menu We can start MS PowerPoint by performing the following steps using the Start menu: 1. Select the Microsoft Office PowerPoint option to display the GUI of MS PowerPoint, as shown in Fig.

The physical location of each computer is tailored to personal and organisational needs. Through this type of network, users can easily communicate with each other by sending and receiving messages. LAN is generally used for connecting two or more personal computers through some medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc. Though the number of computers connected in a LAN is limited, the data is transferred at an extremely faster rate. WAN is generally used for connecting two or more LANs through some medium such as leased telephone lines, microwaves, etc. In WAN, data is transferred at slow rate. A typical WAN network is shown in Fig. Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 25 Fig. The size of the MAN generally lies between that of LAN and WAN, typically covering a distance of 5 km to 50 km. The geographical area covered by MAN is comparatively larger than LAN but smaller than WAN. MAN is generally owned by private organisations. MAN is generally connected with the help of optical п¬Ѓbres, copper wires etc.

One of the most common example of MAN is cable television network within a city as shown in Fig. A network device known as router is used to connect the LANs together. The router directs the information packets to the desired destination. Topology generally determines the shape of the network and the communication path between the various computers nodes of the network. The various types of network topologies are as follows: � Hierarchical topology � Bus topology � Star topology � Ring topology � Mesh topology � Hybrid topology 1. � In the hierarchical topology, data is received by all the nodes efficiently because of point-to-point link. The following are the disadvantages of hierarchical topology: � In the hierarchical topology, when the root node fails, the whole network crashes. � The hierarchical topology is difficult to configure. Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 27 1. Advantages of linear bus topology are: � The linear bus topology usually requires less cabling.

� The linear bus topology is relatively simple to configure and install. � In the linear bus topology, the failure of one computer does not affect the other computers in the network. The following are the disadvantages of linear bus topology: � In the linear bus topology, the failure of the backbone cable results in the breakdown of entire network. � Addition of computers in the linear bus topology results in the performance degradation of the network. � The bus topology is difficult to reconstruct in case of faults. Nodes are connected with the help of twisted pair, coaxial cable or optical fibre. Advantages of star topology are: � This topology allows easy error detection and correction. � In the star topology, the failure of one computer does not affect the other computers in the network. � Star topology is easy to install.

The following are the disadvantages of star topology: � In the star topology, the hub failure leads to the overall network crash. � The star topology requires more amount of cable for connecting the nodes. � It is expensive due to the cast of hub. Each node is connected directly to the other two nodes in the network. � Addition of new nodes does not degrade the performance of the network. � Ring topology is easy to configure and install. The following are the disadvantages of ring topology: � It is relatively expensive to construct the ring topology. � The failure of one node in the ring topology affects the other nodes in the ring. Advantages of mesh topology are: � Message delivery is more reliable. � Network congestion is minimum due to large number of links. The following are the disadvantages: � It is very expensive to implement.

� It is very difficult to configure and install. Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 29 Fig. � The hybrid topology contains the best and efficient features of the combined topologies from which it is constructed. The following are the disadvantages of hybrid topology: � The hybrid topology is relatively more complex than the other topologies. � The hybrid topology is difficult to install and configure. With the help of network protocol, computers can easily communicate with each other and can share data, resources, etc. HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP is the communication protocol used by the World Wide Web. It acts as a request-response protocol where the client browser and the Web server interact with each other through HTTP protocol rules. These rules define how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions should the browser and Web server take in response to these messages.

For example, when we type a URL in the address bar of a browser, then an HTTP request is sent to the Web server to fetch the requested Web page. The Web page details are transmitted to the client browser and rendered on the browser window through HTML. In a typical situation, the client browser submits an HTTP request to the server and the server processes the request and returns an HTTP response to the client. The response contains status information pertaining to the request as well as the requested content Figs 1. Some of the common HTTP methods are: � GET: Gets information from the specified resource � HEAD: Gets only the HTTP headers � POST: Posts information to the specified resource � DELETE: Deletes the specified resource � OPTIONS: Returns the list of HTTP methods that are supported by the Web server � TRACE: Returns a diagnostic trace of the actions taken at the server end The first line in an HTTP response object comprises a status line, which carries the response status code indicating the outcome of the HTTP request processed by the server.

The status code is a 3-digit number and carries specific meaning, as described below: � 1xx: Comprises information status messages indicating that the server is still processing the request � 2xx: Comprises success status messages indicating that the request was received, accepted and processed by the server � 3xx: Comprises redirection status messages indicating that further action needs to be taken in order to process the request � 4xx: Comprises error status messages indicating error at client side, for example incorrect request syntax � 5xx: Comprises error status messages indicating error at server side, for example inability of the server to process the request Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 31 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP is an e-mail protocol that is widely used for sending e-mail messages between mail servers.

While SMTP supports capabilities for both sending and receiving e-mail messages, e-mail systems primarily used SMTP protocol for sending e-mail messages. For receiving, they use other protocols such as POP3 of IMAP. In Unix-based systems, sendmail is the most widely used SMTP server for e-mail. In Windows-based systems, Microsoft Exchange comes with an SMTP server and can be configured to include POP3 support. FTP File Transfer Protocol FTP is a standard protocol used for sharing files over the Internet. However, some FTP sites also support anonymous login where users are not required to enter their credentials. The following steps illustrate how file transfer happens through FTP: 1. User authentication happens by entering relevant user name and password. Once the connection is established, the client machine sends FTP commands to access and transfer files. Now-a-days, various GUI-based FTP software are available that enable transfer of files through simple operations, such as drag and drop.

While HTTP and FTP protocols are used for transferring Web pages and п¬Ѓles over the Internet, the Telnet protocol is used for logging onto a remote computer and performing operations just as a normal user. The users need to enter their credentials before logging on the remote host machine. Command-line based telnet access is available in major operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS, Unix and Linux. Application software is specially designed to cater the information processing needs of end users. The computers connected in a network generally communicate with the help of network protocols. The primary memory is usually known as memory. The secondary memory of a computer system is popularly known as storage.

and LO 1. Which component of the computer is known as the brain of computer? Monitor B. CPU C. Memory D. None of the above LO 1. Which of the following is an input device? Printer C. Mouse LO 1. Monitor D. None of the above 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of the modern digital computer? High speed B. Large storage capacity C. Greater accuracy D. All of the above LO 1. Who is known as the father of modern digital computers? Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibriz B. Charles Babbage C. Alan Mathison D. John Mauchly LO 1.

What are the different number of computer generations? Four B. Five C. Six D. Seven LO 1. Which technology was used in the first generation computers? Transistors B. Vacuum tubes C. ICs D. Which technology was used in the second generation computers? Microprocessors D. ICs LO 1. Which technology was used in the third generation computers? Which technology was used in the fourth generation computers? Microprocessors B. Transistors LO 1. Which semiconductor device is used to increase the power of the incoming signals by preserving the shape of the original signal? Sand table B. Transistor C. Vacuum tubes D. In which generation of computers, assembly language was introduced? First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth LO 1. Which generation uses the ULSI technology? Fifth On what basis computers can be classified? Operating principles C. Size and capability B. Applications D. What is the main function of an input device in a computer?

Receiving data from a computer B. Providing data to a computer C. Storing data for processing D. Processing the data LO 1. Which of the following devices is not an input device? Scanner B. Keyboard C. Disk D. Joystick LO 1. Which one of the following is a modifier key? Tab C. Insert LO 1. ALT D. Pause Which of the following belongs to the category of special purpose keys? Tab B. SHIFT C. CTRL LO 1. Which of the following statements is not true for a mouse? It controls the two-dimensional movement of the cursor on the displayed screen. It is usually of two different types: mechanical mouse and optical mouse.

It can be used as an alternate to keyboard for all purposes. It is an input device. What is the other name of a hand-held scanner? Drum scanner C. Half page scanner LO 1. Slide scanner D. Full page scanner Which of the following devices is not an optical recognition device? MICR B. OMR C. OCR D. Microphone LO 1. What does MICR stand for? Magnetic Ink Character Recognition C. Magnetic Ink Column Recognition LO 1. Magnetic Input Column Reader D. Which of the following devices are used for recognising the characters in the supermarkets? OCR device B. OMR device C. MICR device D. Bar code reader LO 1. Which of the following is not an output device? Scanner C. Printer LO 1. Plotter D. Speaker Which of the following monitors are commonly used with desktop computers?

CBT monitors B. CRT monitors C. CPT monitors D. Which of the following are the properties of a printer? Resolution B. Speed C. Pages per minute D. Which of the following is a hard copy output device? Display monitor LO 1. Speaker D. Projector Which of the following is an impact printer? Dot matrix printer C. Laser printer B. Ink-jet printer D. All of the above Which of the following is a non-impact printer? Daisy wheel printer C. Dot matrix printer D. Which of the following is one of the components of a CRT? Toner B. Liquid crystals C. Electromagnetic coils D. Which of the following are the components of a projector? Optic system B. Displays C. Electron beam D. Both A and B LO 1. Which of the following are portable projectors?

Conference room projectors C. Ultralight projectors LO 1. Fixed installation projectors D. Which of the following devices are included in a terminal? Monitor and printer B. Printer and keyboard C. Keyboard and monitor D. Which of the following is a type of terminal? Intelligent terminal C. Dumb terminal D. Which of the following can be considered as both an input and an output device? Printer B. Projector C. Terminal D. Plotter LO 1. Which of the following display device uses an electron given as one of the components for generating the output? CRT monitor B. TFT monitor C. LCD monitor D. Which of the following is not a system software?

Linkers C. Operating system LO 1. Device drivers D. Word processor Which of the following software helps the users to detect the errors while executing a program? Language Translator B. Debugger C. Loader D. Linker LO 1. A software, which links different elements of an object code with the library files, is known as: A. Editor B. Linker C. Debugger LO 1. Which of the following options is not a utility system? Virus scanner B. System profiler C. Disk defragmenter D. Which of the following is a system tool provided by Windows operating system for making necessary changes in the registry? System profiler B. Disk Defragmenter C. Registry Editor D. Registry Manager LO 1. Which of the following is not an example of unique application program? Inventory Management System B. Pay-roll system C. Income tax calculator D.

Database Management System LO 1. Which of the following activities are performed by a user while solving a problem using a computer? Identifying parameters and constraints B. Identifying logical structure C. Debugging the program D. Which of the following program is essential for the functioning of a computer system? MS Word B. Operating system C. MS Excel D. System software LO 1. Which of the following operating systems makes use of CLI? MS-DOS B. Windows C. Windows Server D. Which of the following operating systems makes use of GUI?

Windows B. Windows Server C. Windows Vista D. Which of the following operating systems makes use of both command line interface and GUI? Linux C. Which one of the following types of the operating systems allows multiple users to work simultaneously? Multi-tasking operating system B. Multi-user operating system C. Multiprocessor operating system D. Which of the following type of UI allows a user to enter commands at command line? GUI B. CLI C. Both GUI and CLI D. Neither GUI nor CLI LO 1. Which of the following is a part of MS-DOS? SYS C. BAT LO 1. SYS D. COM Which of the following is the core component of UNIX? Command shell B. Kernel C. Directories and programs D. Which of the following is a feature of MS-DOS operating system? Single-user C. Single tasking D. Which of the following commands are used in MS-DOS operating system? Internal commands B. External commands C. Batch commands D. Which of the following commands is used for viewing the contents of a п¬Ѓle in MS-DOS operating system?

DIR B. TYPE C. CD LO 1. Which of the following commands is used to print a message on the command prompt? ECHO D. REM LO 1. Which of the following makes use of CLI? MS Excel C. MS-DOS LO 1. MS PowerPoint D. MS Access Which one of the following is typed in the Run dialog box to access MS Word? winword B. word C. msword D. wordprogram LO 1. Which of the following is a word processing program? MS Excel B. MS-DOS C. MS Word D. Delete Note Save Note. Check nearby libraries Library. link WorldCat. Buy this book Better World Books Amazon More Bookshop. org When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Last edited by ImportBot. November 15, History. Publish Date. Edition Availability 1. Libraries near you: WorldCat. Book Details Published in Wilsonville, Ore. Classifications Dewey Decimal Class C M46

English Pages [] Year DOWNLOAD FILE. SOFT COMPUTING: Fundamentals and Applications starts with an introduction to soft computing, a family consists of many m. Explore different GPU programming methods using libraries and directives, such as OpenACC, with extension to languages s. C is one of the oldest programming languages and still one of the most widely used. Whether you're an experienced C. Its key strengths are its software infrastructure and re. Table of contents : Title Contents 1 Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 2 Computing Concepts 3 Overview of C 4 Constants, Variables and Data Types 5 Operators and Expressions 6 Managing Input and Output Operations 7 Decision Making and Branching 8 Decision Making and Looping 9 Array 10 Character Arrays and Strings 11 User-Defined Functions 12 Structures and Unions 13 Pointers 14 File Management in C 15 The Preprocessor Appendix I ASCII Values of Characters Appendix II ANSI C Library Functions Appendix III Database Management System Appendix IV Projects Index.

In the past he held the positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME Hons in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality Management. A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers.

The program listings if any may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, McGraw Hill Education India Private Limited. However, neither McGraw Hill Education India nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education India nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education India and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. in Contents v Contents Preface Visual Walkthrough 1. Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 1. Computing Concepts 2. Contents 2. Operators and Expressions 5. Managing Input and Output Operations 6.

Else Statement 7. Else Statements 7. Decision Making and Looping 8. Array 9. Character Arrays and Strings User-Defined Functions Structures and Unions Pointers File Management in C The Preprocessor The last two decades have witnessed a lot of innovations. It can be perplexing for a beginner to keep pace with such developments. To be lost in the world of codes and bytes can be nerve-racking. And this is where a textbook of this nature comes into picture. Written assuming absolutely no prior knowledge of computers, this book carries the reader through the world of computers in a simple and structured manner. Computer cannot understand human language thus, a communication medium in form of the computer programming language is required to interact with computer. Since C combines the features of high-level language with the elements of the assembler, it is suitable for both systems and applications programming.

It is undoubtedly the most widely used general-purpose language today in operating systems and embedded system development. Since its standardization in , C has undergone a series of changes and improvements in order to enhance the usefulness of the language. The version that incorporates the new features is now referred to as C This book ensures a smooth and successful transition to being a skilled C-programmer. Organization of the Book Fundamentals of Computers and C-Programming starts with basics of a computer system in Chapter 1 and Computing Concepts in Chapter 2.

Gradually it proceeds towards C concepts with Chapter 3 - Overview of C, Basic Structure of C Programs and Execution. Chapter 4 discusses how to declare the Constants, Variables, and Data Types. Operators and Expressions are presented in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 deals with Managing of Input and Output Operations. Chapter 7 talks about Branching. The concept of Decision Making and Looping is explained in Chapter 8. Arrays, Character Arrays, and Strings have been discussed in Chapters 9 and User-Defined Functions, Structures and Union are covered in Chapters 11 and While Chapter 13 covers Pointers, Chapter 14 describes File Management in C.

Preprocessor is explained in Chapter A note of acknowledgement is due to the following reviewers for their valuable feedback. Their suggestions have helped in making the book more useful. Dr Sandeep Jain Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP Dr Narendra Kohli HBTI, Kanpur, UP Vivek Pandey AKTU, Farah, UP Saikut Basu Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal K S Patnaik BITS Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand Nirmala Sharma RTU, Kota, Rajasthan Hardik K Molia Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat R Kiruba Buri Anna University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu S Hariharan TRP Engineering College, Trichy, Tamil Nadu Rekha K S National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka This book is my sincere attempt to make a footprint on the immensely vast and infinite sands of knowledge.

I would request the readers to utilize this book to the maximum extent. Piracy-related issues may also be reported. Various binary arithmetic operations can be performed in the same way as the decimal arithmetic operations, but by following a predefined set of rules. Each binary arithmetic operation has an associated set of rules that should be adhered to while carrying out that operation. The binary arithmetic operations are usually simpler to carry out as compared to the decimal operations because one needs to deal with only two digits, 0 and 1, in the binary operations. The different binary arithmetic operations performed in a computer system are: Binary addition Binary multiplication Binary subtraction Binary division 2. Like decimal system, we can start the addition of two binary numbers column-wise from the right-most bit and move towards the left-most bit of the given numbers. However, we need to follow certain rules while carrying out the binary addition of the given numbers.

Table 2. C is one of the most popular computer languages today because it is a structured, high-level, machine independent language. It allows software developers to develop programs without worrying about the hardware platforms where they will be implemented. The root of all modern languages is ALGOL, introduced in the early s. ALGOL was the п¬Ѓrst computer language to use a block structure. ALGOL gave the concept of structured programming. Computer scientists like Corrado Bohm, Guiseppe Jacopini and Edsger Dijkstra popularized this concept during s. In , Martin Richards developed a language called BCPL Basic Combined Programming Language primarily for writing system software. In , Ken Thompson created a language using many features of BCPL and called it simply B. B was used to create early versions of UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories.

Both BCPL and B were “typeless” system programming languages. C was evolved from ALGOL, BCPL and B by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in C uses many concepts from these languages and added the concept of data types and other powerful features. UNIX operating system, which was also developed at Bell Laboratories, was coded almost entirely in C. xvi Visual Walkthrough p p L WORKED-OUT PROBLEM The program and output are shown in Fig. The program clearly shows how we can access the value of a variable using a pointer. You may notice that the value of the pointer ptr is and the value it points to is Z All decimal digits xvii Visual Walkthrough Debugging Exercises 1.

Find errors, if any, in each of the following looping segments. Assume that all the variables have been declared and assigned values. a while count! Write a program to determine and print the sum of the following harmonic series for a given value of n: LO 4. Write a program to read the price of an item in decimal form like Write a program that prints the even numbers from 1 to The pedagogy helps student evaluate their learning level. Tagging indicates level of difficulty LOD of questions ranging from low complexity L through Intermediate complexity M to high complexity H with an indicator icon. Key Terms to Remember Key Terms to Remember A chapter-end list and definition of important terms to recollect Computer codes: The computer codes are the codes that help in converting the data entered by the users into the binary form. Learning Outcomes Use of invalid subscript is one of the common errors.

An incorrect or invalid index may cause unexpected results.

What text should be typed in the Run dialog box for accessing MS Excel? Read Plants of Christmas by Hal Borland PDF. Customer-centered Design: A New Approach to Web Usability Hewlett-Packard Professional Books by Kreta Chandler PDF Kindle. zlem Bayraktar Akkaya Online. WAN C. Routing D.

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